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关键词： albumin   ascites   carcinoma   immunoglobulin   liver cirrhosis  

摘要： The biochemical composition of processed ascites is not well researched and may differ among institutions. This prospective study was conducted to evaluate the biochemical characteristics of processed ascites of 11 patients with liver cirrhosis and carcinoma who underwent cell-free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy. The ascites due to carcinoma were more acidic and had higher lactate dehydrogenase activity than those due to liver cirrhosis. The ascites due to liver cirrhosis contained a higher amount of immunoglobulin than those due to carcinoma. Immunoglobulin preparations were approximately 2.95% IgG in liver cirrhosis ascites and 2.25% IgG in carcinoma ascites. Moreover, the concern about IgA infusion in the patient with IgA deficiency made it important to identify the source of the ascites. The present study provided fundamental information regarding the safety of cell-free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy.

关键词： Rett syndrome   Cytogenetic abnormalities   Biochemical   Serotonin   MeCP2   XCI  

摘要： Rett syndrome (RTT) is a stern dominant progressive neurological development disorder linked with X chromosome ranking second for mental slowdown, exclusively in females after few months of birth with normal development and growth period. Genetically any defects in universally expressed methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) transcription regulator gene are considered as radix for RTT in almost all the previous studies. Our study mainly focuses in unraveling the genetic alterations like identifying MeCP2 gene polymorphisms, chromosomal abnormalities, or X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) as underlying cause of RTT in prototypes sorted through Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Text Revised (DSM IV). In addition, we have examined the probable surrogates of brain function disabilities like serotonin, homocysteine (Hcy), calcium, potassium, and lead from blood in both RTT porotypes and their mothers. In our investigation, we have observed varied amino acid substitution of MeCP2 and varied frequency of skewed XCI in RTT prototype. Our study validates that the demonstration of chromosomal analysis, biochemical analysis, and genomic observations helps in concluding BIT condition and can be helpful in providing appropriate treatment and counseling as well as improve the currently available protocol of diagnosis. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Yeast fermentate   Heat stress   Intestinal health   Cecal microbiome   Broiler chickens  

摘要： Heat stress, a common stressor in commercial poultry production, negatively affects growth and intestinal function of broiler chickens. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived yeast fermentation product on cecal microbiome and indicators of intestinal barrier function in stressed broiler chickens. Yeast fermentate (YF) was added to the feed (1.25 kg/t) or drinking water (1.60 mL/L) for the duration of each experiment. In Exp. 1, 1-D-old male broiler chickens (N = 300 birds/treatment) were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: stressed control (CS), stressed + YF in the feed (XS), and stressed + YF in the drinking water (AS). All birds were reared on re-used litter (d 0 to 42) and spray-vaccinated for coccidiosis (d 0). On d 18, all birds were spray-vaccinated for Newcastle/Bronchitis, then exposed to a 12 h concurrent heat stress and feed and water withdrawal. Cecal microbiome did not differ in composition or diversity between or within treatments on d 42. In Exp. 2, 1-D-old male broiler chickens (N = 40 birds/treatment) were reared to 43 d of age. Treatments included CS, XS, AS, non-stressed control (CN), non-stressed + YF in the feed (XN), and non-stressed + YF in the drinking water (AN). Stressed treatments were exposed to cyclic heat stress d 28 to 43 for 12 h/d. Blood samples collected on d 42 were used to analyze plasma chemistry, interleukin(IL)-1 alpha, IL-8, and alpha-1 -acid glycoprotein (alpha(1)-AGP);ileum samples collected on d 43 were used to assess histomorphology. Heat stress increased plasma creatine kinase (P < 0.001), uric acid (p < 0.001), sodium/potassium ratio (P < 0.001), and IL-1 alpha (P < 0.001), but decreased alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.04), potassium (P < 0.001), IL-8 (P < 0.001), and alpha(1)-AGP (P = 0.048). Plasma glutamate dehydrogenase was higher in birds fed the control diet or YF in the feed (P < 0.001) compared to birds supplemented with YF in the drinking water. Heat stress decreased

关键词： horse   eosinophil   immunology   leucocyte  

摘要： Eosinophils are becoming the target of increasing research interest as recent studies suggest that their role in immune homoeostasis and the immune response to disease is far more complex than previously understood. Historically, the horse eosinophil has been used to study basic eosinophil biology because of the considerable volume of blood required to obtain enough viable cells for reliable, repeatable experiments. This resulted in a large but disseminated body of literature pertaining to the structure and function of the horse eosinophil. More recently, equine clinicians have produced case reports and clinical studies in an effort to define the role of the eosinophil in diseases of the horse. A thorough review of the equine eosinophil incorporating both bench research and clinical reports does not exist. The objective of this two-part review is to fill this need by integrating the basic science and clinical research into a comprehensive body of work on what is known specifically about the horse eosinophil, and its role in equine health and disease. Part I summarises the development and tissue distribution of eosinophils in the normal horse, and presents what is known about the cell structure, migration and biochemical mediators of the horse eosinophil. Part II reviews the role of the eosinophil in diseases of the horse, and concludes with a summary of knowledge gaps and open research questions to benefit both those who wish to use the equine eosinophil as a model for basic science research, and those whose primary interest lies with diseases of horse.

关键词： Bikunin   CDG biomarker   CDG screening   Glycan mass spectrometry   Inherited GPI biosynthesis defects   TIEF  

摘要： Background: Glycosylation is one of the most complex post-translational modifications of proteins and lipids, notably requiring many glycosyltransferases, glycosidases and sugar transporters encoded by about 1-2% of all human genes. Deleterious variants in any of them may result in improper protein or lipid glycosylation, thus yielding the so-called 'congenital disorders of glycosylation' or CDG. Scope of review: We first review the current state of knowledge on the common blood and cellular glycoproteins used in the biochemical screening of CDG, as well as the emerging ones for an improved diagnosis. We then provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art methodologies ranging from gel electrophoresis to mass spectrometry to measure improper glycosylation. Finally, we discuss how additional tools such as metabolomics and microfluidics can be added to the current toolbox to better diagnose and delineate CDG. Major Conclusions: Combining several biochemical indicators and related methods is often required to cope with the large clinical heterogeneity of CDG and establish a definitive diagnosis. General significance: This review aims to critically present current available CDG biochemical biomarkers and dedicated methods in the context of highly diverse glycosylation pathways and related inherited diseases.

关键词： acne scars   AirGent   EnerJet   hyaluronic acid   hypertrophic scars   liquid jet injections   needle-free injection   pneumatic jet  

摘要： Administration of exogenous hyaluronic acid (HA) by liquid jet injection is considered as a beneficial therapy for dermatology conditions. This paper reviews variety of the factors which would optimize the clinical output of hyaluronic acid in this treatment modality. A pneumatically accelerated jet penetrates the epidermis and spherically spreads micro-droplets of HA in the dermis without significant damage to the tissue and blood vessels. Kinetic energy of the jet activates two parallel mechanisms of action-mechanical and biological-which act synergistically to initiate and augment the regenerative effect. Jet-induced micro-trauma stimulates collagen synthesis and tissue repair without inflammation. Aside from the biophysical stimulation of dermal fibroblast, the biomolecular properties of exogenous HA provide excellent clinical results for skin atrophy, remodeling of dermal scarring, and reverse formation of fibrotic tissue. The effect is mediated by HA-specific cell receptors and depends on molecular weight and the rheological properties of HA polymer. Skin mechanical properties play a key role in predicting HA dispersion patterns. Tolerability and safety of the treatment approach are determined by the jet's physical impact on the tissue and/or by the safety profile of the injected material. Although pneumatic jet delivery of a hyaluronic acid has a limited use in clinical practice, this treatment approach has a strong potential for extended implementation in esthetic dermatology. The synergistic mechanism has significant advantages of predictable and rapid clinical outcomes with a low discomfort. Additional well-designed investigations are required for establishing a scientific foundation and guidelines for this treatment modality.

关键词： Sucroenergetic industry   Vinasse management   Acidogenic systems   Malolactic fermentation   Bioenergy recovery  

摘要： This study investigated the application of dark fermentation to obtain value-added soluble metabolite products (SMP) from vinasse as a strategy to enhance the energy efficiency in sugarcane biorefineries. Batch tests comparing sucrose and vinasse as the substrates were conducted, providing data to both understand conversion pathways and measure the energetic implications of fermenting vinasse under controlled conditions. Two distinct inoculum pretreatment methods, namely, acid-thermal and thermal were also assessed. Overall, butyrate fermentation was the primary conversion pathway observed in vinasse acidogenesis, leading to butyric/isobutyric acid concentrations over 6.0 g L-1, irrespective of the inoculum pretreatment. Lactic and malic acids were the primary substrates, with the predominance of the lactate-to-butyrate fermentation, suggesting the establishment of a syntrophic relation between lactate-producing bacteria and clostridial populations. Considering energetic aspects, the enhanced butyrate production could lead to an energy recovery potential of 30.9-33.4 MW, outcompeting highly-efficient biohydrogen- (<1.0 MW) and methane-producing (25.5 MW) anaerobic systems, in order to increase sugar conversion efficiency by 7.8%. Although important technological aspects still require proper attention to cost-efficiently scale-up SMP recovery from fermented substrates, the energetic relevance of butyrate production from vinasse was proved, characterizing an efficient approach to enhance the energy performance of sugarcane biorefineries. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Allophycocyanin   Atacama desert   Chroococcidiopsis sp   Endolithic   Phycobiliproteins  

摘要： Molecular and microscopic studies were performed to identify Chroococcidiopsis sp., an endolithic cyanobacterium, isolated from gypsum rocks of Atacama Desert (Chile). It was adapted to grow in mineral liquid medium, with 9 mM nitrate, bubbled with CO2-enriched air (2.5 % v/v), and continuously illuminated with a white light of 70 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1). The obtained biomass (productivity of 0.21 g L-1 d(-1)) had a C/N ratio of 6.67, and it contained carbohydrates (45.40 % of dry weight), proteins (36.72 %), lipids (5.60 %) nucleic acids (3.90 %) and ashes (8.28 %). The lipid fraction was particularly rich in palmitic (29.86 % of total fatty acids), linoleic (18.20 %), palmitoleic (12.75 %), linolenic (10.92 %), stearic (9.64 %) and capric acid (6.29 %). Chroococcidiopsis sp. accumulated phycobiliproteins in a light-dependent process and produced 204 mg g(-1), under incident light of 10 mu mol photons.m(-2).s(-1), with a relative abundance of 40.9 % for phycocyanin, 23.3 % for phycoerythrin, and 35.8 % for allophycocyanin. The biomass from this cyanobacterium can be a good source of these pigments, especially APC (maximum of 95 mg g dw(-1)), which are of interest for pharmacological, cosmetic, and food industries.

关键词： inhibitor   lily bulbs   polyphenol oxidase   substrate specificity   thermal inactivation  

摘要： The biochemical properties and thermal inactivation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from three main planted lily cultivars in China, namely,Lilium lancifoliumThunb,Lilium ***, andLilium *** cottonwere evaluated. Data indicate that the PPO from three cultivars showed two optimum pH levels of 4.0 and 6.5-7.0 and temperature of 15 degrees C and exhibited the highest affinity toward 4-methylcatechol. However, this enzyme did not exhibit monophenolase activity. Thiourea andL-cysteine were more effective than other inhibitors. The enzymatic activity ofL. lancifoliumThunb PPO crude extract was higher than that ofL. ***. *** cotton. For thermal inactivation,L. *** cottonPPO showed the best thermal resistance at 65-75 degrees C, andL. lancifoliumThunb showed stability at 45 degrees C. The deactivation of the three types of PPO followed the first-order reaction kinetics, and the activation energy (E-a) was 144.28, 138.00, and 107.12 kJ/mol forL. lancifoliumThunb PPO,L. ***, andL. *** cottonPPO, respectively. Practical applications Liliumis an ornamental and edible plant typically used for food and traditional Chinese medicine. Its flowers are used for decoration, and its underground bulbs are rich in various bioactive substances. Fresh lily bulbs easily turn brown and lose economic value during storage and processing. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a crucial molecule involved in the enzymatic browning of fruit and vegetables. In this study, PPO was extracted from three main planted lily cultivars in China. Namely,Lilium lancifoliumThunb,Lilium ***,Lilium *** cottonand was partially characterized. The results are of considerable importance to further understand the PPO of lily bulbs and provide guidance for the inactivation of enzymes and the processing of lily bulb juice.