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关键词： Sustainable metabolism   Urban form   Planning   Development process   Policy packaging  

摘要： Since the inception of modern urban planning in the early 20th century, numerous urban planning policies have been introduced that seek to steer urban form towards desired patterns. Some have explicitly focused on promoting energy efficient urban forms to reduce carbon emissions and contribute to sustainable urban metabolism. Despite the proliferation of such policies, 'unsustainable' trends, such as urban sprawl and long distance car-based commuting, continue and in some cases are worsening. In this paper, we aim to explore the limited success of a number of influential urban planning policies in Europe and North America in trying to steer urban form towards a more sustainable path. Our aim is to identify their potential common shortcomings and suggest a number of principles which may help formulating more effective policy packages for sustainable urban metabolism. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 《形势与政策》   '三化'模式   课堂教学  

摘要： 本文通过分析当下《形势与政策》在高校教学的现状,从新形势下高校《形势与政策》教学的要求和目前教学中存在的问题出发,根据教学理论与实践,对高校《形势与政策》课堂教学模式进行探究,初步提出应用'三化'课堂教学模式,优化高校《形势与政策》课堂教学的方式.

关键词： 公民   政策批评   政治参与   网络环境   意见领袖  

摘要： 对公民政策批评的意义、特点及形成原因进行了分析。指出公民政策批评行为作为政治参与的一种形式,在增强公民的政治信任和决策科学上具有重要的意义;公民对政策的批评行为源于人们社会转型期各种矛盾的不满意情绪,开放的互联网环境为这种情绪的宣泄提供了便捷的渠道,人们的从众性导致群体的非理性,又进一步放大了政策批评的声音;网络意见领袖的崛起解构和削弱了官方和主流媒体主导的话语体系,成为公众的引导者、代言者、助推者。剖析了中国公民政策批评在传统与现实的融合中表现出的复杂性和差异性,即公民对高层政治的信任与对基层政府的批评共存,基于现实利益的诉求与对社会正义的追求共存,不同区域、不同年龄、不同教育程度的公民在政策批评行为中有较大的差异。

关键词： POLICY   SOCIAL INEQUALITIES   PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY  

摘要： The recognition that certain characteristics (such as poverty, disadvantage or membership of marginalised social or cultural groups) can make individuals more susceptible to illness has reignited interest in how to combine universal programmes and policies with ones targeted at specific groups. However, 'universalism' and 'targeting' are used in different ways for different purposes. In this glossary, we define different types and approaches to universalism and targeting. We anticipate that greater clarity in relation to what is meant by 'universalism' and 'targeting' will lead to a more nuanced debate and practice in this area.

关键词： PM2.5   Preterm birth   Environmental policy   Prenatal exposure  

摘要： We utilize a new data set on ambient air pollution and births from the Salt Lake Valley to study how intensive and cumulative exposure to PM2.5 in the first trimester affect two important pregnancy outcomes-gestational age at birth and the risk of preterm birth. For identification, we use variation in cumulative exposure for siblings from the same mother in subsequent pregnancies, which can be substantial due to the large seasonal and annual variations in the valley. Controlling for other air pollutants and individual confounders, we find strong evidence of reduced gestational age and increased probability of preterm birth resulting from PM2.5 exposure and estimate that the marginal effects are larger as cumulative exposure increases. We find weak evidence of an increased marginal effect of intensive exposure vs. total exposure. As cumulative exposure plays a larger role than intensive exposure, this indicates that policies which decrease average pollution levels can be more effective than policies targeted at peak pollution from a pregnancy perspective.

关键词： Strategic games   modal logic   axiomatization   completeness  

摘要： The article introduces a modal logic for reasoning about combined effect of economic policies imposed on a group of rational agents. Modalities in this language are labelled by policies applied to the players in a strategic game. The resulting logical system allows to reason about properties that are true in all Nash equilibria of the game modified by a specific policy. The main technical result is the completeness theorem for the proposed logical system.

关键词： Collaborative governance   policy innovation   political leadership   public policy  

摘要： This article explores how political leadership and policy innovation can be enhanced through collaborative governance. The main findings are that while wicked and unruly problems create an urgent need for policy innovation, politicians are badly positioned to initiate, drive and lead this innovation. They are either locked into a dependency on policy advice from senior civil servants or locked out of more inclusive policy networks. In either case, they are insulated from fresh ideas and ultimately reduced to policy-takers' with limited engagement in policy innovation. Collaborative policy innovation offers a solution to these limitations.

关键词： 形式政策课   大学生主流意识   认同引导  

摘要： 主流意识形态本质上是社会认可的思想观念体系,一般是经过几代人的发展而不断完善的,是中华民族的传统美德及几社会后能较好地融入到社会之中,提升社会的凝聚力。

关键词： 高校   形式与政策   改革   内容   方法  

摘要： 现阶段大学思政教育的主要途径是设置形势与政策课程,这也是国家教育部门规定的大学必修课。本文对现阶段大学形势与政策教学现状和所包括的基本内容进行介绍,依据大学形势与政策实际教学的具体状况在课改及教学方法方面进行探讨。

摘要： Firms in a business group share ownership structures, allowing them access to sources of intragroup financing not available to independent firms. Resources could be transferred within a group either through intragroup transactions, primarily operational activities (internal transfers), or through dividends permitting insiders to make investments in other group firms (external transfers). The first strategy predicts lower dividends, and the second predicts the reverse. Using a large data set of listed Indian firms, we look at the costs of internal transfers versus external transfers and find that dividend policies of group firms are better explained by the external transfer hypothesis.