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关键词： 教育政策转移   公共政策   全球化  

摘要： 教育政策转移的形式包括隐性传播、主动借鉴和强制实施。教育政策转移的过程是复杂性与规律性的统一。教育政策转移是借入者和借出者相互作用的结果。教育政策转移的影响可以宏观改革一国最高决策层的教育理念和构想,也可以微观改变教育层面的教学方法。

关键词： Influenza vaccines   Immunization programmes   World Health Organization   Vaccination   Joint Reporting Form  

摘要： Introduction: The WHO recommends annual influenza vaccination to prevent influenza illness in high risk groups. Little is known about national influenza immunization policies globally. Material and Methods: The 2014 WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form (JRF) on Immunization was adapted to capture data on influenza immunization policies. We combined this dataset with additional JRF information on new vaccine introductions and strength of immunization programmes, as well as publicly available data on country economic status. Data from countries that did not complete the JRF were sought through additional sources. We described data on country influenza immunization policies and used bivariate analyses to identify factors associated with having such policies. Results: Of 194 WHO Member States, 115 (59%) reported having a national influenza immunization policy in 2014. Among countries with a national policy, programmes target specific WHO-defined risk groups, including pregnant women (42%), young children (28%), adults with chronic illnesses (46%), the elderly (45%), and health care workers (47%). The Americas, Europe, and Western Pacific were the WHO regions that had the highest percentages of countries reporting that they had national influenza immunization policies. Compared to countries without policies, countries with policies were significantly more likely to have the following characteristics: to be high or upper middle income (p < 0.0001);to have introduced birth dose hepatitis B virus vaccine (p < 0.0001), pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (p = 0.032), or human papilloma virus vaccine (p = 0.002);to have achieved global goals for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine coverage (p < 0.0001);and to have a functioning National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The 2014 revision of the JRF permitted a global assessment of national influenza immunization policies. The 59% of countries reporting that they had policies are wealthier, use more new o

关键词： purchasing formalization   institutional logic   power   strategy   case studies   qualitative analysis  

摘要： Seeking to benefit from higher levels of purchasing maturity, many organizations strive to formalize their purchasing practices. Why these practices are not adopted by certain organizations or for certain types of purchases is less well understood, however. It has been argued that the purchasing of knowledge-intensive services is particularly difficult to formalize, but an in-depth understanding of the inter- and intra-organizational dynamics influencing this process is lacking. This study contributes to the purchasing and supply management literature by providing a fine-grained understanding of how actors respond to formalization initiatives. Building on an exploratory interview methodology and using institutional logic and power theory as foundations, we show that formalization initiatives lead to institutional complexity and conflicts. Sets of strategies and counterstrategies for how to deal with the complexity and conflicts are identified, and relational power is found to moderate which strategy is used by the actors. Based on the empirical findings, a conceptual model is developed to describe the response process.

关键词： COMMERCIAL aeronautics   GOVERNMENT policy   TRANSPORTATION research   LIBERALIZATION (Finance)   COMMERCIAL aeronautics -- Congresses  

关键词： Backorder   Heuristic   Inventory   Logistic function   (r, q) policy   Stochastic  

摘要： This study considers the continuous-review (r, q) inventory policy with complete back-ordering, a deterministic and constant lead time, and a Gaussian lead-time demand. A closed-form solution to the first-order conditions of optimality is not available, so this system can only be optimized using an iterative method. However, an iterative optimization approach may still limit the application of the model itself in a practical context with numerous items and the need to frequently recalculate the control variables for the respective inventory policies. In fact, if a closed-form optimal solution is not available, the computational effort required by an iterative method may not be negligible and its implementation can actually be technically difficult. Thus, to overcome the characteristic limitations of an iterative optimization approach, we develop a closed-form near-optimal solution in this study, which is derived via an ad hoc logistic approximation of the standard normal loss function. We then provide an alternative formulation of the expected total cost function. In particular, by introducing a parameter for the number of admissible stockouts per time unit, we can ensure the functional dependence of the service level on the order quantity. This allows us to optimize the order quantity, where the safety stock and the expected shortage are considered by the constraint mentioned above. We present numerical tests to investigate the efficiency of the approximated solution method and to study the sensitivity of the new cost model with respect to some fundamental parameters. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： agency typology   policy mission   formalization   span of control   headquarters ratio   personnel mobility  

摘要： This study classifies U.S. federal agencies into five types, based on Lowi's well-known policy scheme. It constructs and tests five hypotheses to identify any structural differences in formalization, span of control, headquarters ratio, and personnel mobility between five types of agencies. The five hypotheses were generally confirmed. One important contribution of this study is that it made the first attempt to do hypothesis testing on Lowi's agency types. Another contribution of this research is in its sub-classification of Lowi's fourth category, constituent agencies, into staff and foreign defense agencies. According to the data analyses, each type of these agencies had distinctive organizational structures compared with other types. This legitimizes the sub-classification of constituent agencies. Consequently, this study argues that any significant differences in organizational structures were contingent on the type of policy mission pursued by an agency. Thus, civil service reformers should carefully consider various structural elements that are contingent on the type of agency when implementing reforms.

关键词： E-government   Social media   ICT Public sector private sector differences   Bureaucracy  

摘要： Adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) has been studied extensively in public administration, particularly social media. The immediate adoption and actual use of such tools may be significantly influenced by organizational rules, norms and policies. This exploratory paper provides an empirical test of hypotheses that focus on the final stage of the three stage adoption process: standardization of rules and procedures governing the use of the new ICT We also address sectoral differences in ICT application. Using a sample of over 1100 respondents in organizations across sectors, we find strong evidence that organizations with greater rule standardization and rule clarity have higher levels of social media use over a wider array of application domains. The findings suggest that rules and standardization can be powerful tools for promoting and diffusing new information and communication technologies within organizations. Results also support work on how information technology management and use differs across public and private sectors. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

摘要： (3) published in this issue of Obesity contributes to this literature, documenting trends in adult overweight and obesity prevalence in Mongolia and drawing particular attention to the use of Asian-specific body mass index (BMI) cut-points (4), suggesting that abdominal measures may be better predictors of obesity-related metabolic risks than BMI. [...]more structural measures addressing the production, availability, processing, and marketing of foods-with explicit nutrition and health objectives-have been almost totally neglected. [...]in addition to further research on (mal)nutrition, including anthropometric transitions, particularly in LMICs, we suggest that a critical area for further research lies in examining those structural factors that may facilitate or impede effective policy implementation and establishing for those policies that have been enacted what factors facilitated their uptake and how challenges were overcome.

关键词： 无线电管理局   法律法规   管理政策   沧州市   职业技术学院   活动计划   宣传活动   法律意识  

摘要： 2016年9月，河北省沧州无线电管理局深入落实第七个全国无线电管理宣传月各项活动计划，通过多种形式对无线电管理政策法规进行宣传，进一步提升了无线电管理社会认知度和影响力。一是9月10日在沧州市职业技术学院开展主题为“提高法律意识争当电波卫士”的法律法规宣传活动，以增强学生学习无线电管理法律法规的动力。

关键词： 形势与政策   PBL   多媒体   实际应用和分析  

摘要： PBL和多媒体相结合教学法以教师引导为关键因素,同时以学生自主学习参与为主导,这样就可以形成一个教师与学生有效的互动,而不是传统教学中以教师讲授为主,将学习过程置于当前真实问题情景中,将问题的解决作为教师教学和学生学习的目的,正符合《形势与政策》学科的特点。