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关键词： 微博问政   公共政策   影响  

摘要： 信息时代的发展推动着社会的不断变化与发展,微博作为信息技术的衍生物,不仅集成了信息技术的优点,还以它独特的创意和便捷性改变着人们的生活。影响公共政策的制定便是其中最为突出的表现之一,文章结合微博的特点、发展状况及一系列案例,展现微博问政如何影响公共政策的制定,提出完善微博问政促进公共政策制定的合理化建议,促使公民政治生活进一步与网络时代融合。

关键词： 理想导向型政策   蓝海战略   民办高职教育   办学形式创新  

摘要： 国务院《关于大力发展现代职业教育的决定》对创新民办职业教育办学形式在政策上有新的突破,但相关政策具体到现实中又很笼统、模糊,难以操作,甚至相互矛盾。那么,对民办高职而言,相关政策究竟是种理想宣示呢,或是提供了一种蓝海战略呢?作者指出,如果将视野局限在全日制学历教育的非营利民办高职院校的增量发展上,相关政策则具有典型的理想导向,将会窒碍难行,可能会重蹈独立学院政策之覆辙;如果打破我国高等职业教育对学生资格、办学资格、教育类型、教育形式、教育经费等元素的武断划分和组合,把学历教育对象扩大到在职人员,把从事学历教育的主体扩展到营利性学校或机构等,则有可能激发非全日制学历教育的营利性院校涌现,使相关政策真正成为发展高职教育的蓝海战略。文章从我国民办高职教育发展的历史、现实、潜力以及相应的财税治理框架等方面讨论了民办高职办学形式创新政策的可行性与路径选择问题。

关键词： Physical education   management strategy   compensatory education   situated action   trade-off process  

摘要： Since 2010, French middle schools with a high enrolment of difficult students have benefited from a compensatory policy called Ecoles Colleges et Lycees pour l'Ambition, l'Innovation et la Reussite' (ECLAIR) (Primary and Secondary Schools for Ambition, Innovation and Success). These difficult students frequently misbehave, disengage from academic tasks and provoke conflict in the classroom. However, some physical education (PE) teachers are able to develop successful teaching strategies. This case study has analysed precisely the activity of the teacher in relation to the activity of the students in these difficult classes. It examined the successful forms of interaction between teachers and students in PE classes and sought to determine the meaning of these interactions in structuring a difficult' classroom culture. The study was conducted within a situated cognitive anthropology framework in middle schools enrolled in the ECLAIR programme. Eight successful PE teachers and 24 students between the ages of 12 and 16 were involved in this qualitative study. The results revealed that, in spite of divergent intentions, the respective activities of the teachers and students remained coordinated. This coordination was based on a recurrent form of classroom interaction that made use of processes of ostentation and masking.

关键词： Low carbon urban mobility   Mode choice model   Congestion tolling   Parking charging   Public transport travel time improvement   Fuel carbon tax  

摘要： This paper proposes different policy scenarios to cut CO2 emissions caused by the urban mobility of passengers. More precisely, we compare the effects of the 'direct tool' of carbon tax, to a combination of 'indirect tools' - not originally aimed at reducing CO2 (i.e. congestion charging, parking charges and a reduction in public transport travel time) in terms of CO2 impacts through a change in the modal split. In our model, modal choices depend on individual characteristics, trip features (including the effects of policy tools), and land use at origin and destination zones. Personal "CO2 emissions budgets" resulting from the trips observed in the, metropolitan area of Lille (France) in 2006 are calculated and compared to the situation related to the different policy scenarios. We find that an increase of 50% in parking charges combined with a cordon toll of (sic)1.20 and a 10% travel time decrease in public transport services (made after recycling toll-revenues) is the winning scenario. The combined effects of all the policy scenarios are superior to their separate effects. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 高校新闻   当代高校   行动准则   历史时期   现代汉语词典   媒体互动   主流声音   传播效应   通讯类   创新传播  

摘要： 政策解读是当前高校新闻宣传的一项重要且必要的沟通方式与表现形式。"何为政策解读?"、"如何做好政策解读?""高校开展政策解读的方式方法有哪些?"、"近期的解读重点在哪里?"等问题是值得当代高校宣传工作者认真思考和重点解析的课题。一、政策解读的内涵与特点《辞海》中对"政策"一词的解释是:国家、政党为实现一定历史时期的路线和任务而规定的行动准则。《现代汉语词典》对"解读"的定义是:词语,一是指阅读解释,二是指分析、研究,三是指理解。

关键词： 碳税   研发竞争   研发合作   博弈模型  

摘要： 在国家实施碳税政策的背景下,构建了开放经济下国家设定碳税税率、企业选择低碳技术研发竞争或研发合作及研发水平、产量水平的三阶段博弈模型,利用均衡解,从企业最优低碳技术研发水平、净碳排放量、企业利润和国家福利四个方面,比较了研发竞争和研发合作的效果。发现较之于研发竞争,企业进行研发合作必定会提高低碳技术研发水平、降低净碳排放量和改善国家福利,有可能会提高企业利润。进一步研究发现,碳排放对环境的损害越严重、研发成果溢出率或研发效率越高,企业进行研发合作必定对提高低碳技术研发水平、降低净碳排放量和改善国家福利越有利,也有可能对提高企业利润越有利。

关键词： formalization   separation   science and policy   use of scientific knowledge   climate policy  

摘要： In studies of environmental issues, the question of how to establish a productive interplay between science and policy is widely debated, especially in relation to climate change. The aim of this article is to advance this discussion and contribute to a better understanding of how science is summarized for policy purposes by bringing together two academic discussions that usually take place in parallel: the question of how to deal with formalization (structuring the procedures for assessing and summarizing research, e.g. by protocols) and separation (maintaining a boundary between science and policy in processes of synthesizing science for policy). Combining the two dimensions, we draw a diagram onto which different initiatives can be mapped. A high degree of formalization and separation are key components of the canonical image of scientific practice. Influential Science and Technology Studies analysts, however, are well known for their critiques of attempts at separation and formalization. Three examples that summarize research for policy purposes are presented and mapped onto the diagram: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the European Union's Science for Environment Policy initiative, and the UK Committee on Climate Change. These examples bring out salient differences concerning how formalization and separation are dealt with. Discussing the space opened up by the diagram, as well as the limitations of the attraction to its endpoints, we argue that policy analyses, including much Science and Technology Studies work, are in need of a more nuanced understanding of the two crucial dimensions of formalization and separation. Accordingly, two analytical claims are presented, concerning trajectories, how organizations represented in the diagram move over time, and mismatches, how organizations fail to handle the two dimensions well in practice.

关键词： public management   policy work   interpretive policy analysis   environmental governance  

摘要： Public sector environmental governance involves complex interactions between different forms of knowledge. Public sector reforms have important implications for environmental governance by changing the relationships between knowledge systems. By comparing the views of environmental policy workers the implications of public sector management reform for environmental governance are explored. The analysis presented highlights that environmental policy work is contested in ways that mainstream public sector management and environmental governance literature often overlook. It is concluded that the adequacy of the conceptual frameworks informing public sector environmental reform are unclear, as are the implications of such reforms for effective environmental governance.

关键词： Africa   mining   decentralized natural resource management   decentralization   policy and politics   natural resource governance  

摘要： In the 1990s, government authorities in Zimbabwe introduced internationally praised policies to formalize the artisanal and small-scale mining sector, using a combination of district-administered and nationally administered licensing and capacity-building measures. While "decentralization" efforts in the 1990s and early 2000s were hampered by insufficient resource and power transfers, the model was seen by environmental scholars as a source of optimism. However, as economic crisis deepened in the 2000s, national officials (a) revoked the power of Rural District Councils to regulate riverbed alluvial gold panning and (b) increased barriers to formally licensed small-scale primary ore mining. This article examines the recentralization of power in this growing informal sector, exploring how heavy-handed implementation of national reforms contributed to livelihood insecurity. The study emphasizes how national officials invoked "formalization" rationales for mining policy shifts that obscured their underlying political and economic drivers, disempowering local district authorities and deepening the marginalization of informal livelihoods.