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关键词： 职业教育政策   政策变通执行   积极变通执行   消极变通执行   政策执行边界  

摘要： 职业教育政策变通执行是职业教育政策执行者在政策执行过程中对某一（几）个政策元素作了变动，致使职业教育政策没能完全遵从政策制定者意图的政策行为。我国职业教育政策变通执行主要表现在政策目标、政策内容和政策过程的变通。职业教育政策变通执行的基本形式主要有积极变通和消极变通两种形式。职业教育政策变通执行增加了政策执行的风险，需要加以理性审视和积极应对。通过建立逐级完善的职业教育政策制定架构、在政策设计时预留政策积极变通执行空间、在制度设计时堵塞政策消极变通执行漏洞等方式，将职业教育政策变通执行引入职业教育政策执行的正确轨道，保证职业教育政策执行的稳定性和可预期性。

关键词： 人民团体   协商民主   群团组织改革   政治协商   基层社会治理  

摘要： 中国共产党加强对协商民主的领导,为人民团体协商的制度创新提供了实践条件和政治保证。在以人民为中心的思想指导下,人民团体协商的政策创新完善了其协商主体、协商功能和协商路径等方面的制度配套。在政策指引下,通过创新实践明确了人民团体作为协商主体和协商平台的两种制度形式。人民团体协商的制度创新提升了人民团体参与社会治理的水平,体现了协商主体的代表性强、协商主题关注社会民生、协商过程注重平等对话和协商结果强调包容协同的制度特征。

关键词： 三权分置   宅基地使用权   使用权  

摘要： 宅基地"三权分置"政策顺利实施的关键在于正确认识政策中的"使用权"。政策中"使用权"不应定性为宅基地使用权或宅基地租赁权,而应是设立于宅基地使用权之上的新型用益物权。这一定性不仅具有实践基础,还有源自权利行使理论的有力支撑。政策中"使用权"的适度放活应表达为在确保宅基地利用主体开放性的基础上,适度激活宅基地的财产属性和释放融资功能,改变宅基地有"权"无"利"的状态,构建由农民主导的宅基地流转秩序,最终服务于农村的发展需求。

关键词： Cluster analysis   Urban form   European policies   Urban morphology   Environmental sustainability   Data gaps  

摘要： Population growth has determined two different types of urban development: the vertical growth, tending to compactness, and the horizontal one which privileges a more dispersed and sprawled expansion. Those two urban forms have different impacts on environmental sustainability influencing, among others, the microclimate conditions of a city, the energy demand and its economic cost, and the provision of Ecosystem Services. European policies are oriented towards sustainable development of urban areas reducing the environmental footprint and restoring degraded ecosystem through a Green infrastructure deployment. Understanding the urban form, and specifically, the typology of the building form is crucial for policymakers and urban planners to define strategies for a higher degree of sustainability. The lack of data and the heterogeneity of information across Europe on the built form have hindered the operationalisation of European strategies and their downscaling into national or regional policies. The paper aims to fill this gap proposing a methodology based on a cluster analysis that estimates the built form of Belgium at LAU2 level for addressing single specific actions towards environmental sustainability goals. The cluster analysis uses data traditionally surveyed by national censuses, ensuring the replicability of the method for the upcoming 2021 census, and also the opportunity to update it continuously.

关键词： Land formalization   Clientelism   Distributive politics   Kenya  

摘要： Scholarship on African and other developing societies often argues that governments allocate private goods as political patronage, but recent work has called this assumption into question. In this study, I argue that clientelism is a political strategy that emerges only under certain conditions. In a least likely case of land allocation in Kenya, where the literature assumes clientelism to predominate, I ask under what conditions do states distribute resources to fulfil programmatic policy needs versus clientelistic goals? To answer this question, I use a historical process tracing approach that triangulates descriptive data from an original dataset on land allocation programs in Kenya from 1953 until 2017 with archival research and semi-structured interviews. I find that the choice between policy and patronage depends on two domestic conditions: a) the interaction between national political competition and regime type and b) the state's ability to control resources vis-a-vis local competitors. In an authoritarian regime, com-petition is conducive to clientelism, but in a democratic regime, competition may well produce program-matic policy, while local actors' challenges to centralized resource allocation reduce a government's ability to use clientelism and favor programmatic allocation as ruling elites struggle to control resource allocation for their own political ends. I conclude that the allocation of rights to land in Kenya demon-strates that politics in developing countries occurs in a hybrid neopatrimonial system rather than a purely patronage-based one, in which changes in politics can alter how a government distributes resources. This has ramifications for how scholars and practitioners must rethink questions of property rights, corruption, political linkages and development in many countries where we assume that private goods are allocated on a clientelistic logic. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： “形势与政策”课   课程改革   教学质量  

摘要： "形势与政策"课是对学生进行社会形势和国家方针政策宣传教育的主要渠道,是大学生的必修课程。但是,"形势与政策"课面临着教学内容陈旧、教学方式落后、学生学习兴趣不高等问题。为提升教学质量,本文主要针对教学内容、教学模式、课程考核等方面来进行分析,不断增强教学质量,使得本门课程成为大学生真心喜欢、有收获的"金课"。

关键词： 强农惠农政策   农产品质量安全   补助标准   促农增收   QQ群   惠民政策   动物疫病防控   微信群  

摘要： 永仁县农业农村局把宣传各项强农惠农政策作为确保农业农村促农增收的重要抓手,积极谋划,精心准备。工作中,充分利用QQ群、微信群、LED电子显示屏、三农通、村级广播等开展线上宣传,利用集市等人流量较大、人员较为集中地,对各项惠民政策、准入 条件、补助标准进行集中宣传讲解。面对面答疑解惑,紧紧围绕当前春耕生产及“四万三进”活动,深人田间地头、农户家中、企业、合作社、种养大户,开展宅基地审批、土地承包经营纠纷调解、农资安全、农产品质量安全、农兽药安全使用、动物疫病防控、农业科技等各项强农惠农政策宣传。

关键词： Agricultural land markets   Farmland auctions   Restricted tendering   Propensity score matching  

摘要： The ongoing sharp rise in farmland prices in Europe has led to a discussion concerning the need for political intervention and stronger market regulation on agricultural land markets. In this context, restricted tendering for the privatization of agricultural land in post-communist countries is discussed and used as one form of political intervention. Only certain groups of bidders may participate in such tendering procedures in order to give them greater opportunities and to counteract effects such as land grabbing or structural change. Against this background this paper aims to answer the question, whether restricted tendering procedures allow structurally disadvantaged groups of bidders to buy at lower prices as is intended by the assessed policy intervention. A rich data set of over 12,000 first-price-sealed-bit auctions of agricultural land between 2005 and 2019 from Eastern Germany is analyzed using an auction theory individual private value framework and Propensity Score Matching. Results show that restricted tendering on agricultural land markets does not fulfill its intended purpose. Although the policy?s intermediate aim of considerably reducing the number of bidders is achieved, the ultimate goal of lower purchase prices is missed. On the contrary, the findings indicate that restricted tendering actually leads to higher purchase prices for comparable farmland plots.

关键词： Incentive measure   Dockless shared bike   Illegal parking   Behavioural decision   Mixed logit model  

摘要： The recent development of shared-bike systems in China has brought convenience for users, as well as great pressure on bicycle parking management. There is limited empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of incentive measures from the perspective of guiding people to park their shared bikes regularly. By defining a mixed logit model based on the theory of planned behaviour, this study focuses on exploring the conformity effects of policy compliance among dockless shared-bike users in the behavioural decisions of bicycle parking. A total of 453 respondents who had just finished parking a shared bike were invited to provide intentional information by participating in a stated preference survey. The empirical results indicated that, as a positive and negative incentive measure, both monetary rewards and financial penalties can motivate people to park the shared bikes in an unsaturated place near their destinations. However, the significant difference is that, with increasing incentive intensity, a monetary reward can motivate shared-bike users to shift the bicycles away more effectively than a financial penalty, especially when the shifting distance requires more than 10 min of walking. In addition, some factors used to characterize the individual heterogeneity, such as gender, education and searching time for dockless shared bikes, also have obvious impacts on policy compliance regarding bicycle parking guidance. These findings can help policy makers to create appropriate measures in the form of incentives to reduce illegal parking by shared-bike users.