课程文献中心 更多>>

关键词： CITY planning   URBAN policy   TRAVEL   LAND use   TRANSPORTATION   BICYCLES   FITNESS walking  

摘要： This paper documents an evaluation of the consequences of the Netherlands national physical planning policy for an individual's travel behaviour. Four components of this policy are considered: the concentrated decentralisation of the 1970s and 1980s;the strict compact-city policy of the 1980s and 1990s;the A-B-C location policy;and the spatial retailing policy. Using data from the 1998 Netherlands National Travel Survey, the article addresses the following questions. Did physical planning reduce the use of the private car and promote the use of public transport together with cycling and walking? Did physical planning lead to shorter travel distances and times? The analysis suggests that national spatial planning has been most effective in retaining high shares of cycling and walking in the large and medium-sized cities, in particular for shopping trips. In terms of travel time, however, spatial policy seems to have been less successful. The building of new towns and, more recently, the development of greenfield neighbourhoods close to cities do not appear to have reduced commuting times. Alternative strategies to promote the use of public transport, the bicycle and walking through the regulation of land use are discussed. Relaxing some of the present spatial planning controls is suggested to reduce car use and travel times.

关键词： 经济   扩张性   外汇储备   国际储备   财政金融   财政   国债发行   积极财政政策  

摘要： 我国已经连续5年实施了积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策,从促进经济增长的角度来看,这两种政策的搭配发挥了应有的作用,及时遏制了我国经济的下滑。本文从 IS—LM 模型的经济学原理出发,对我国目前的积极财政政策和稳健货币政策的搭配形式作了较为深入的分析,并提出了相应的政策建议。

关键词： 中国   计划生育   人口政策   公共政策   人口问题   人口数量  

摘要： 文章从公共政策的理论框架出发,诠释了中国计划生育政策的本质特征。文章认为,中国计划生育政策的目标是解决中国在发展中的人口问题,其实质是在生育问题上实施的对社会价值的权威性分配方案,以协调个体之间、个体与国家之间目标和价值分配方面的冲突。计划生育政策必须遵循合目的性、合规律性、合规范性相统一的原则。

关键词： GOVERNMENT policy   DECISION making   PUBLIC administration   EVALUATION   POLICY sciences   POLICY analysis   POLITICAL planning   POLITICAL systems   SOCIAL systems  

摘要： This article focuses on policy transfer as a form of prospective policy analysis, which we define as policy makers' attempts to assess the effect of a policy or program before it is put in place. Despite a burgeoning literature on cross-national policy transfer, there has been little systematic comparison of cases to identify either common problems or potential strategies in the practice of policy transfer This article sets forth a rational model of policy transfer and examines, in light of that model, case studies of cross-national policy transfer spanning different policy domains. Taking into account the constraints faced by policy makers, we relax standard rational decision-making criteria and make recommendations for improving the process of policy transfer as a form of prospective policy evaluation.

关键词： housing policy   history of housing thought   public housing   aided self-help   market enabling  

摘要： Researchers have identified three phases in the evolution of international housing policy since 1945: public housing (1945-1960s), sites-and-services (1972-1980s), and market enabling (1980s-present). They often fail to distinguish between the policies that international agencies recommended and the policies that national governments pursued. Their preferred chronology does not accurately describe the recommendations of the main agencies, among whom the UN, the World Bank and, in the early years, the British Colonial Office were the most important. An extensive survey of published and archival sources shows that these agencies never endorsed public housing. Although their purposes differed, they consistently endorsed a mixed strategy of self-help and market supports. Self-help was given priority from the mid-1960s to the 1980s, when the balance shifted to market 'enabling'. We need to know more about what influence their recommendations had upon national governments in the developing world. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 生命形式知识产权   国别政策   知识产权   植物新品种保护   生物材料  

摘要： 在WTO及其有关国际公约框架下,世界知识产权法有它的共同规则,但这种共同规划并不是没有弹性,没有一定程度的选择,不能谈判,在许多方面它是与国内法相妥协的产物.知识产权制度是经济与科技强国的制度,它既是工业化国家极力推行的结果,也是发展中国家谋求科技进步、经济发展的使然.它体现了一个国家进行现代化的决心和意志.

关键词： FDI组织   影响   实证分析   中外合资企业   税收政策   外商直接投资   组织形式   中国   外商投资企业   外国企业  

摘要： 本文通过对我国历年FDI数据的实证分析,研究了我国税收政策对国内三种FDI主要组织形式的影响。研究结果表明:在1991年涉外税法改变之前,中外合资企业的增长速度超过了中外合作企业和外商独资企业的增长速度,而在其之后,三者的增长速度趋于一致,说明税收政策对FDI组织形式的确有着重要影响。

关键词： 政府   就业   产业政策   经济发展战略   宏观调控   就业扶助政策  

关键词： 利用外资   新形式   外汇管理政策法规  

摘要： 随着改革开放进程的深入,我国利用外资无论在方式上还是在质量数量上都实现了质的飞跃。但是,近年来我国利用外资的新形式,对现有的外汇管理政策法规提出了挑战,本文在分析矛盾的基础上,提出完善投资外汇管理政策法规的建议。

关键词： 税收优惠政策   税收   优惠   财政收入   纳税人   税务机关  

摘要： 如何用足用好税收优惠政策,是企业十分关注的重要问题。税收优惠是党和国家根据一定时期政治、经济和 社会发展的总目标,对某些特定的纳税人、课税对象或地区给予的税收鼓励和照顾措施,是政府调控经济的重要手段。目 前,有不少读者致信本刊了解有关企业优惠税收政策,应企业要求,本刊特邀请权威部门人士撰稿,开辟“企业税收优惠 政策系列谈”,自本期起陆续刊登。文中所涉优惠政策,在实际执行中,应以国家正式文件规定为准。