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关键词： 农业产业化   农业经济   政策   中国  

摘要： 农业产业化的实质、形式与政策丁力什么是农业产业化？目前的解释很多。由于说法各异，实行起来的政策着力点也就不同。我认为，对农业产业化的解释不要陷入名词之争，一定要抓住其实质和基本形式，这样才能把握住农业产业化的方向，制定政策才有重点。一准确把握概念，掌...

摘要： 什么是农业产业化？目前的解释很多。由于说法各异，实行起来的政策着力点也就不同。我认为，对农业产业化的解释不要陷入名词之争，一定要抓住其实质和基本形式，这样才能把握住农业产业化的方向，制定政策才有重点。一准确把握概念，掌握事物的本质，是认识现实、总结经验、制定政策的前提。目前我们讲的农业产业化的概念，是由农业和农村经济面临的新形势和基本任务决定的。自70年代末80年代初农民创造家庭联产承包责任制和发展乡镇企业以来，农业和农村经济有了长足的发展。但到了80年代末和90年代初，农业和农村经济发展遇到新的形势。这主要表现在以下三方面：第一，地方经济发展更加依靠农业和农村经济的发展来支撑，而对农业的保护和支持却力不从心。第二，农业和农村经济中部门分割、产供销脱节的现象更加突出，农业资源和农民利益大量流失。机构改革进展困难，政企不分难以解决，条块关系不能理顺，使得管理中部门分割、相互掣肘，各级政府试图通过财政进行二次分配的各种支农政策走形变样，甚至成为向农民收费、增加农民负担的依据。因部门利益而强化的垄断和管理上的分散加剧了产供销脱节。农业“两头在外”，农民只能管农产品的生产，无法参与化肥、农药等农业生产资料供应和农产品的加工、销售，得不到应得的平均利润，农业产业比较效益下降，严重影响了农民的生产积极性。第三，市场变化更加复杂，加大了农户与市场连接的困难。目前农村正处于计划经济体制向市场经济体制的转轨过程中。一方面，农村市场已不局限于本乡本土，边界不断扩大，不少农产品已由国内市场走向国际市场，来自外部的市场冲击和信息骤然增加；另一方面，地方财政压力造成的行政干预、地区封锁和由部门利益强化的产供销脱节及市场垄断，使得农村市场畸变，运行不规范。千千万万的分散农户面对这样的市场，难以把握，往往在畸形市场给出的错误信号和地方政府对市场的错误判断指导下，盲目生产，造成主要农产品“买难”和“卖难”现象交替发生。在以上三方面难以短期改变的新形势下，发展农业和农村经济的基本任务，就是在得不到多少外部投入的情况下，如何使农户与市场连接，做到农业增产和农民增收，以支持财政和国民经济的发展。对此，富于创造性的农民群众又用自己的农业产业化的实践，给以圆满的回答：这就是通过办企业、公司、农民协会等各种中介组织，把千千万万农户与市场连接起来，使广大农户在从事农业生产的同时，通过贸工农、产供销一体化，参与农产品的加工和流通，从而使自己生产的农产品在市场上顺利实现价值，不再为时而短缺、时而“卖难”的波动而苦恼；这还打破了旧的不合理的利益分配格局，分享到农产品在加工、流通的过程中增值的平均利润，于是农民的收入随之提高，利益得到保护，从事农业生产的积极性高涨起来，舍得向农业投入。这样形成的农民自我保护、自我积累、自我发展的机制，就使农业的比较效益提高，为财政提供更多的税收，继续支撑国民经济的发展。从这个实践的角度来把握，才能真正理解农业产业化是要把农户与市场有效地连接起来，以使农民得到应有的利益这个实质，也才能在目前的形势条件下，继续按着这一历史性的选择推进农业产业化，以解决发展农业和农村经济的基本任务。

摘要： The largest industrial corporations are changing to a multilayered subsidiary form. Whereas corporations have used subsidiaries to organize their assets since the turn of the century, the number of wholly owned subsidiaries in the 100 largest industrial corporations doubled between 1981 and 1993. The question addressed here is: Why are corporations changing their form now? I suggest that the question is historically contingent and that the answer is, in parr, explained by changes in state business policy. A capital dependence framework is elaborated to examine the relationship between state business policy and corporations in the 1970s and 1980s. Business policy changes-resulting in the Tax Reform Act of 1986 and the Revenue Act of 1987-provided corporations with tax-free procedures for parent companies to simultaneously restructure their divisions as subsidiaries and restructure their debt. There are additional incentives for corporations to restructure their divisions as subsidiaries: (1) creating a liability firewall between the parent company and its subsidiary corporations, limiting the financial risk of parent companies, and (2) creating an internal capital market, providing an alternative form of financing thereby reducing corporations' dependence on external capital markets.

摘要： Studies of judicial policymaking traditionally focus on appellate court decisions but neglect the importance of civil liability verdicts and settlements as policy-shaping outcomes produced by the judicial branch. This study sought to compare the influence of constitutional appellate decisions and trial court outcomes in shaping criminal justice policies. A national survey of police executives revealed that civil liability lawsuits led to law enforcement policy changes more frequently than constitutional decisions by the Supreme Court in recent years. In addition, more than three-quarters of respondents declared that civil liability cases are making their jobs more difficult, while nearly two-thirds believed that U.S. Supreme Court decisions had little impact or made their jobs easier.

关键词： URBAN planning   SOCIAL policy   URBAN policy   URBAN sociology   ECONOMIC reform   SOCIAL marginality  

摘要： Urban planning in Greece hardly constitutes part of a broader social and economic policy, while the absence of a well-organized welfare state is partly compensated for by strong family support networks, 'soft-budgeting', the large size of the informal sector and state intervention in the market by extra-economic means. This is why urban inequalities and social exclusion in Greek cities have until recently been overlooked by policy-makers, as also by researchers. Yet, since the late 1980s, policy has had to confront a number of serious negative trends, while pressures from the European Union towards reforms have a potential to change the situation dramatically. This paper analyses forms of urban inequality and social exclusion in postwar Greece by referring to the existing literature and EC projects;examines the response of planning to these problems and accounts for its weakness;and, finally, locates recent trends and the main issues which reforms in social policy and urban planning have to deal with in the immediate future, so that they can tackle new forms of social exclusion and poverty, in view of the weakening role of the state in income redistribution processes and the strengthening of the market.

关键词： 京九铁路   运价政策   运价形式   铁路运输  

摘要： 京九铁路交付运营后能否发挥它应有的作用，采取何种运价形式是当前国家急待解决的重要课题，也是有关部门如何更有效管理京九铁路的一个重点．基于这种思考，本文试从分析铁路运价历史与现状出发，提出了在市场经济条件下京九铁路应遵循新的运价定价政策，并视具体经营情况采取灵活多样的运价形式的设想．

关键词： Urban space   Cities   Energy consumption   Automobiles   Renewable energy   Sustainable cities   Public transportation   Environmental transport   Land use  

摘要： The spatial configuration of cities and its relationship to the urban environment has recently been the subject of empirical, theoretical and policy research. Because of the disciplines involved, relevant articles are scattered over a large number of journals. The objective of this paper is to put the issues in perspective by reviewing the basic concepts and relationships involved, and to evaluate critically the current state of knowledge about urban form, energy utilisation and the environment. The scope of the paper is limited to urban transport energy use and the associated emissions. Suggestions for further progress in the field are offered, with emphasis placed on integrated urban models as useful and policy-sensitive analytical tools.

关键词： 政策界限   土地资源   能力开发   土地使用权   政府办公   购买者   经济比较   综合治理   拍卖使用权   丰城市  

摘要： 掌握政策界限灵活拍卖形式付卫国，吴明亮“五荒”拍卖是土地使用权的依法有偿流转，被拍卖的土地，必须服从当地政府的统一规划，成片开发。为此，在开展此项工作之前，我们着力做到七个明确：一是在指导思想上明确。即坚持所有权、稳定承包权、搞活经营权、拍卖使用权。...

关键词： 一优两高   基本形式   农产品风险基金   创汇农业   农产品加工企业   相关政策   红富士   农户   一体化组织   信息网络  

摘要： 发展“一优两高”农业的基本形式和相关政策赵莉“，优两高”农业是农村深化改革和经济发展的产机虽然各地在实践中摸索出一些发展Ｌ优两高于农业的江路子，但全省的总体水平仍比较低．为使我省农村在本世纪末实现小康目标，加快农业大省肉农业强省跨越的步伐，还需要把“...

关键词： 一优两高   基本形式   农产品风险基金   创汇农业   农产品加工企业   相关政策   红富士   农户   一体化组织   信息网络  

摘要： 发展“一优两高”农业的基本形式和相关政策赵莉“，优两高”农业是农村深化改革和经济发展的产机虽然各地在实践中摸索出一些发展Ｌ优两高于农业的江路子，但全省的总体水平仍比较低．为使我省农村在本世纪末实现小康目标，加快农业大省肉农业强省跨越的步伐，还需要把“...