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关键词： 同构函数   导数综合   指对互化   整体换元   单调函数  

摘要： 本文在已有研究的基础上,进一步研究构造同构函数在求解导数综合压轴题中的应用,就解题层面具体厘清并回答师生们关心的两个基本问题:一是构造同构函数可以简化哪些常见基本结构?如何实现简化?二是常用于同构函数的函数结构类型有哪些?灵活运用的关键是什么?.

关键词： Differential Protection   Transformer Inrush Current   Internal Fault   Standard Deviation  

摘要： Magnetizing inrush currents are known as the most critical potential threat in maloperation of the transformer differential protection. Therefore, there is a need to detect the inrush current from the internal fault current to avoid the differential protection maloperation. Due to the possibility of a current transformer (CT) saturation at a high level of inrush and fault current, the discrimination algorithm should function appropriately in CT saturation conditions. Here, a method is developed based on the rate of phase angle change (RoCoPA) to perform the discrimination process. The proposed discrimination index employs the RoCoPA of the three-phase differential currents and calculates the standard deviations of the RoCoPA of the three-phase differential currents. The discrimination procedure is designed based on the fact that during fault scenarios, the signal remains almost sinusoidal, and as a result, the RoCoPA has the minimum variations. On the contrary, owing to the non-sinusoidal wave shape of the inrush current, the RoCoPA has notable variations. Based on the various simulated and practical scenarios, the proposed index's performance is evaluated considering challenging scenarios. The results reveal that the proposed discrimination index has promising accuracy with average response delay with about half a cycle.

关键词： Junctions   Automation   Electroencephalography   Autonomous vehicles   Monitoring   Brain modeling   Human factors   autonomous vehicles (AVs)   cognition   electroencephalography  

摘要： Trust in autonomous vehicles (AV) is of critical importance and demands comprehensive interdisciplinary research. While most studies utilize subjective measures, we employ electroencephalography (EEG) to study in a more objective manner the cognitive states associated with trust during AV driving. Subjects drove a simulated AV in Conditional Automation Driving (SAE L3) and Full Automation Driving (SAE L5) modes. In the experimental design, malfunctions were induced at both automation levels. Self-reported trust in the AV was reduced immediately after Full Automation malfunctions, but not after Conditional Automation malfunctions when subjects were able to take over vehicle control to avoid danger. EEG analyses reveal that during Full Automation malfunctions, there was a significant enhancement in approach motivation (i.e. desire to re-engage) and a disruption of right frontal functional clustering that supports executive cognition (i.e. planning and decision-making). No neurocognitive disruptions were observed during Conditional Automation malfunctions. Our results demonstrate that it is not automation malfunctions per se (e.g. failure to decelerate) that deteriorate trust, but rather the inability for human drivers to adaptively mitigate the risk of negative outcomes (e.g. risk of crashing) resulting from those malfunctions. This is reflected in changes in brain activity associated with motivational state and action planning. Keeping the human driver on-the-loop protects against trust loss. Frontal alpha EEG is a neural correlate of trust-in-automation, with potential for trust monitoring using wearable technology to support driver-vehicle adaptivity.

关键词： TRBC1   Flow cytometry   Thymoma   T-ALL   T-cell clonality  

摘要： Objectives: Flow cytometric detection of T-cell clonality is challenging, particularly in differential diagnosis of immature T-cell proliferations. Studies have shown utility of TRBC1, in conjunction with other T-cell markers, as reliable means to identify T-cell clonality by flow cytometry. One limitation of surface TRBC1 (sTRBC1) evaluation is it cannot be detected in surface CD3 (sCD3)-negative T cells, such as normal or abnormal immature T-cell precursors. Here, we assess surface and cytoplasmic TRBC1 expression patterns in the differential diagnosis of T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL) vs normal thymocyte expansions. Methods: Forty-three samples containing T-ALL, thymoma, normal thymus, and/or indolent T-lymphoblastic proliferation (i-TLBP), were evaluated. Results: All 24 cases with normal thymocytes or i-TLBPs revealed a characteristic and reproducible sCD3/sTRBC1 expression pattern indicative of polytypic T-cell maturation. In contrast, all 19 T-ALLs lacked this polytypic maturation pattern and were either completely negative for sCD3/sTRBC1 or showed a minor sCD3-positive subset with a monotypic TRBC1 expression pattern. Cytoplasmic TRBC1 evaluation in 9 T-ALLs demonstrated a monotypic intracellular TRBC1-positive (n = 4) or TRBC1-negative (n = 5) expression, indicative of clonality. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate flow cytometric evaluation of surface and cytoplasmic TRBC1 expression can aid detection of T-cell clonality and differential diagnosis of immature T-cell proliferations.

关键词： Autonomic nervous system   Orthostatic hypotension   Cardiovascular autonomic failure   Differential diagnosis   Synucleinopathies  

摘要： The alpha-synucleinopathies comprise a group of adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB,) and - as a restricted non-motor form - pure autonomic failure (PAF). Neuropathologically, the alpha-synucleinopathies are characterized by aggregates of misfolded alpha-synuclein in the central and peripheral nervous system. Cardiovascular autonomic failure is a common non-motor symptom in people with PD, a key diagnostic criterion in MSA, a supportive feature for the diagnosis of DLB and disease-defining in PAF. The site of autonomic nervous system lesion differs between the alpha-synucleinopathies, with a predominantly central lesion pattern in MSA versus a peripheral one in PD, DLB, and PAF. In clinical practice, overlapping autonomic features often challenge the differential diagnosis among the alpha-synucleinopathies, but also distinguish them from related disorders, such as the tauopathies or other neurodegenerative ataxias. In this review, we discuss the differential diagnostic yield of cardiovascular autonomic failure in individuals presenting with isolated autonomic failure, parkinsonism, cognitive impairment, or cerebellar ataxia.

关键词： Computational science   Social sciences  

关键词： Evolutionary genetics   Quantitative trait   Biomedicine   general   Human Genetics   Evolutionary Biology   Ecology   Cytogenetics   Plant Genetics and Genomics  

摘要： Genetic variation is one of the key concepts in evolutionary biology and an important prerequisite of evolutionary change. However, we know very little about processes that modulate its levels in wild populations. In particular, we still are to understand why genetic variances often depend on environmental conditions. One of possible environment-sensitive modulators of observed levels of genetic variance are maternal effects. In this study we attempt to experimentally test the hypothesis that maternally transmitted agents (e.g. hormones) may influence the expression of genetic variance in quantitative traits in the offspring. We manipulated the levels of steroid hormones (testosterone and corticosterone) in eggs laid by blue tits in a wild population. Our experimental setup allowed for full crossing of genetic and rearing effects with the experimental manipulation. We observed that birds treated with corticosterone exhibited a significant decrease in broad-sense genetic variance of tarsus length, and an increase in this component in body mass on the 2nd day post-hatching. Our study indicates, that maternally transmitted substances such as hormones may have measurable impact on the levels of genetic variance and hence, on the evolutionary potential of quantitative traits.

关键词： acylglycerols   biodiesel   cold flow properties   differential scanning calorimetry   solid-liquid equilibrium  

摘要： Monoacylglycerol (MAG), diacylglycerol (DAG), and triacylglycerol (TAG) are impurities in biodiesel and a major cause of precipitation. Understanding the behavior of such acylglycerols is essential for predicting biodiesel cold flow properties (CFPs). The previous study on MAG/MAG binary mixtures shows that they tend to solidify by forming molecular compounds. In contrast, TAG/TAG mixtures, which have been studied extensively, are commonly eutectic or monotectic systems, in which each component solidifies separately. The present study focuses on binary mixtures of DAG/DAG and different acylglycerol pairs (MAG/DAG, TAG/MAG, and DAG/TAG), and determination of their solid-liquid phase behavior by differential scanning calorimetry. These mixtures are found to behave as eutectic or monotectic systems with no sign of compound formation. As DAG and TAG have lower contents than MAG in biodiesel and they are unlikely to form molecular compounds with MAG, it is suggested that DAG and TAG have little effect on the biodiesel CFPs. Practical Applications: Biodiesel has attracted much interest because its blending with conventional fossil diesel has become more standard with biofuel mandates. From an energy perspective, the solid-liquid phase behavior of acylglycerols will contribute to building prediction models for biodiesel CFPs.

关键词： Depression   Genetics   Neuroscience   Psychology   Medicine/Public Health   general   Psychiatry   Neurosciences   Behavioral Sciences   Pharmacotherapy   Biological Psychology  

摘要： Expert opinion remains divided concerning the impact of putative risk factors on vulnerability to depression and other stress-related disorders. A large body of literature has investigated gene by environment interactions, particularly between the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and negative environments, on the risk for depression. However, fewer studies have simultaneously investigated the outcomes in both negative and positive environments, which could explain some of the inconclusive findings. This is embodied by the concept of differential susceptibility, i.e., the idea that certain common gene polymorphisms, prenatal factors, and traits make some individuals not only disproportionately more susceptible and responsive to negative, vulnerability-promoting environments, but also more sensitive and responsive to positive, resilience-enhancing environmental conditions. Although this concept from the field of developmental psychology is well accepted and supported by behavioral findings, it is striking that its implementation in neuropsychiatric research is limited and that underlying neural mechanisms are virtually unknown. Based on neuroimaging studies that examined how factors mediating differential susceptibility affect brain function, we posit that environmental sensitivity manifests in increased salience network activity, increased salience and default mode network connectivity, and increased salience and central executive network connectivity. These changes in network function may bring about automatic exogenous attention for positive and negative stimuli and flexible attentional set-shifting. We conclude with a call to action;unraveling the neural mechanisms through which differential susceptibility factors mediate vulnerability and resilience may lead us to personalized preventive interventions.

关键词： Spreading code   Differential evolution   Optimization   Wireless communication   Logistic map   Wavelet transform  

摘要： Spread spectrum linked to optimization techniques play a very important role in today's world. Optimization gives the best one among all the solutions and the spread spectrum is used to minimize distortion, hence optimized spreading code is very important in wireless communication. This study shows a comparison of two recent modified techniques of differential evolution (DE) with the help of engineering design problems and application of that modified DE, considering the better one, in wireless communication to optimize logistic map based spreading code. A comparative study of properties of both optimized and non-optimized spreading code is also discussed in this paper. The performance of the optimized spreading code is also evaluated with the help of bit error rate (BER) by applying it in static and dynamic direct sequence spread spectrum system (DSSS). The performance of the proposed technique (optimized dynamic logistic map code based DSSS) displays better results than non-optimized spreading code and orthogonal spreading code considering BER. Static optimization is improved by 40% than non-optimized static, dynamic optimization is improved by 70% than static optimization but orthogonal is showing 33% improvement comparing to static optimization and dynamic optimization is improved by 56% than orthogonal one. Therefore, the proposed method can be efficiently applied in the wireless communication system.