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关键词： psyllium   inulin   microbiome   metabolome   carbohydrate metabolism  

摘要： Refined foods are commonly depleted in certain bioactive components that are abundant in 'natural' (plant) foods. Identification and addition of these 'missing' bioactives in the diet is, therefore, necessary to counteract the deleterious impact of convenience food. In this study, multiomics approaches were employed to assess the addition of the popular supplementary soluble dietary fibers inulin and psyllium, both in isolation and in combination with a refined animal feed. A 16S rRNA sequencing and H-1 NMR metabolomic investigation revealed that, whilst inulin mediated an increase in Bifidobacteria, psyllium elicited a broader microbial shift, with Parasutterella and Akkermansia being increased and Enterorhabdus and Odoribacter decreased. Interestingly, the combination diet benefited from both inulin and psyllium related microbial changes. Psyllium mediated microbial changes correlated with a reduction of glucose (R -0.67, -0.73, respectively, p < 0.05) and type 2 diabetes associated metabolites: 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid (R -0.72, -0.78, respectively, p < 0.05), and citrulline (R -0.77, -0.71, respectively, p < 0.05). This was in line with intestinal and hepatic carbohydrate response (e.g., Slc2a2, Slc2a5, Khk and Fbp1) and hepatic lipogenesis (e.g., Srebf1 and Fasn), which were significantly reduced under psyllium addition. Although established in the liver, the intestinal response associated with psyllium was absent in the combination diet, placing greater significance upon the established microbial, and subsequent metabolomic, shift. Our results therefore highlight the heterogeneity that exists between distinct dietary fibers in the context of carbohydrate uptake and metabolism, and supports psyllium containing combination diets, for their ability to negate the impact of a refined diet.

关键词： Epidemiology   Obesity   Risk factors   Medicine/Public Health   general   Public Health   Internal Medicine   Metabolic Diseases   Health Promotion and Disease Prevention  

摘要： Objective To explore the built environment (BE) and weight change relationship by age, sex, and racial/ethnic subgroups in adults. Methods Weight trajectories were estimated using electronic health records for 115,260 insured Kaiser Permanente Washington members age 18-64 years. Member home addresses were geocoded using ArcGIS. Population, residential, and road intersection densities and counts of area supermarkets and fast food restaurants were measured with SmartMaps (800 and 5000-meter buffers) and categorized into tertiles. Linear mixed-effect models tested whether associations between BE features and weight gain at 1, 3, and 5 years differed by age, sex, and race/ethnicity, adjusting for demographics, baseline weight, and residential property values. Results Denser urban form and greater availability of supermarkets and fast food restaurants were associated with differential weight change across sex and race/ethnicity. At 5 years, the mean difference in weight change comparing the 3rd versus 1st tertile of residential density was significantly different between males (-0.49 kg, 95% CI: -0.68, -0.30) and females (-0.17 kg, 95% CI: -0.33, -0.01) (P-value for interaction = 0.011). Across race/ethnicity, the mean difference in weight change at 5 years for residential density was significantly different among non-Hispanic (NH) Whites (-0.47 kg, 95% CI: -0.61, -0.32), NH Blacks (-0.86 kg, 95% CI: -1.37, -0.36), Hispanics (0.10 kg, 95% CI: -0.46, 0.65), and NH Asians (0.44 kg, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.78) (P-value for interaction <0.001). These findings were consistent for other BE measures. Conclusion The relationship between the built environment and weight change differs across demographic groups. Careful consideration of demographic differences in associations of BE and weight trajectories is warranted for investigating etiological mechanisms and guiding intervention development.

关键词： fractal-fractional differentiation   Fredholm-Volterra integro-differential equations   Mott polynomials   two-dimensional Legendre-Gauss quadrature rule  

摘要： This paper contains the computational approach based on Mott polynomials together with the two-dimensional Legendre-Gauss (LG) quadrature rule for fractal-fractional two-dimensional Fredholm-Volterra (FF-2D-FV) integro-differential equations. Furthermore, we applied the modified operational matrices of integration and fractional derivative in the process of the numerical algorithm to get the approximate solution with high accuracy. The fractal-fractional derivative is defined in the Atangana-Riemann-Liouville sense. Besides, we estimate the error of the method in Sobolev space. Ultimately, to prove the theoretical claim, we represent the numerical results in the form of tables and diagrams.

关键词： Parents' education   Adolescent well-being   Propensity score matching  

摘要： This paper compares the causal effect of parents' education on three outcomes of their adolescent offspring aged 10-15 years in China. Empirical results from propensity score matching show that only mothers with a college degree have an effect on the emotional well-being of adolescents. Mothers' educational influence on health and emotional well-being of adolescents is also greater than fathers but in rural areas, only father's education has an impact on health and education of the adolescents. Sons however benefit more than daughters in the domains of health and educational well-being from parents' education. Evidence indicates that promoting women's education is a key urban policy although in rural areas, empowering women and providing an enabling environment through communities and schools is critical to improving various well-being outcomes of the next generation.

关键词： Quadrature multi-carrier frequency   cross correction   chaotic shape-forming filter   chaotic baseband wireless communication  

摘要： In this paper, an improved Quadrature Multi-carrier Differential Chaos Shift Keying (QMC-DCSK) based on Chaotic Shape-forming Filter (CSF) and Cross Correction (CC) is proposed. The chaotic signal generated by CSF is used as reference spreading sequence in QMC-DCSK. Quadrature multi-carriers are used to carry the reference and multiple information bearing signals simultaneously in order to improve the Bit Transmission Rate (BTR). By this way, the proposed system is able to transmit 2M - 1 bits Traditional Data Stream(TDS) during one traditional DCSK bit duration, where M is the number of carrier frequencies. Meanwhile, the reference signal transmits Additional Data Stream (ADS) encoded by CSF together with 2M - 1 identical or inverse data stream carried by the rest 2M - 1 channels (information bearing signals). By this system configuration, the channel redundance can be used to improved bit error rate (BER) performance of ADS, after decoding TDS. In turn, the TDS reliability can also be improved by checking most ADS polarity of the corresponding carrier. This process is referred to as CC. The contribution of this work lies in the CC operation, by which the reliability of both TDS and ADS is improved significantly. It is the CSF and multi-carrier that make CC possible. The analytical BER is derived for the proposed method. The merits of the proposed system include, first, it improves the BTR as compared to that of QMC-DCSK, because ADS conveys more information bits;second, the ADS reliability is improved dramatically because the 2M duplication can be used to improve the signal to noise ratio;third, the TDS reliability is improved as well because the information bits conveyed by each carrier frequency is enhanced and corrected by the 2M repetitions. By this way, not only TDS and ADS are transmitted (i.e., the higher BTR is achieved), but also both reliability are improved (i.e. the lower BER is achieved). In order to testify the feasibility and superiority of the prop

关键词： Transmitting antennas   Modulation   Complexity theory   Radio frequency   Receiving antennas   GSM   Antennas   Spatial modulation (SM)   generalized spatial modulation (GSM)   differential spatial modulation (DSM)   multiple input multiple output (MIMO)   average bit error probability (ABEP)  

摘要： Differential modulation schemes are very relevant in receivers having power and processing limitations, as these schemes dispense with the need for knowledge of channel coefficients for symbol detection. Spatial modulation (SM) is a scheme used in multi-antenna transmission scenarios where the data is transmitted in the amplitude, phase and spatial domains through selected antennas. In the coherent domain, generalized SM (GSM) employs multiple antennas in combination during every time slot to enhance the spectral efficiency (SE). In this paper, we propose two differential schemes which activate two or more antennas at a time to transmit the modulated symbol. These schemes achieve higher SE using a lesser number of antennas and lower order modulation schemes instead of the higher number of antennas required for conventional SM schemes based on differential modulation. Simulation studies reveal that the proposed schemes have better bit error rate performance than traditional differential SM schemes. We also derive the analytical union bound for the proposed schemes and is satisfied from medium to high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ranges.

关键词： Differential evolution   Opposition-based learning   Exploration and exploitation   Optimization problems   Real-world application problems  

摘要： Opposition-based learning (OBL), which plays an important role in soft computing, has recently drawn attention. The paramount challenge of OBL is to design and find an OBL strategy that is suitable for the problem structure. Besides, for the OBL variants proposed so far, there is no clear taxonomy guideline. To solve these issues, this paper proposes a novel opposition, called dual opposition-based learning (DOBL), which contains two opposition strategies and a protective mechanism. Firstly, a diversity-based taxonomy is proposed, which categorizes existing state-of-the-art OBL variants according to dimension-wise diversity. The subpopulation strategy is used and embedded in the classified OBL variants to generate explorative opposition and exploitative opposition. Secondly, for a successful algorithm, a good ratio between exploration and exploitation is required. Therefore, a protective mechanism is designed to obtain a good equilibrium between exploration and exploitation. Finally, the performance of DOBL is compared with eight state-of-the-art OBL variants on DE and advanced DE named jSO to find the CEC 2017 test suite's best solution. Besides, DOBL is applied to CEC 2011 as well as CEC 2020 real-world optimization problems, and compared with nine novel metaheuristic algorithms as well as the top three algorithms in CEC 2020, respectively. Two statistical tests, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the Friedman test, are used to analyze the experiment results. The experiment results of 29 functions and 60 real-world problems demonstrate that the proposed DOBL is better than its competitors on CEC2011, CEC 2017, and CEC 2020 test suites. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： conformable fractional calculus   delay   integral inequality   Picard operator   Ulam's stability  

摘要： In this paper, we investigate the existence and uniqueness of solutions and Ulam's type stabilities including the well-known Ulam-Hyers stability and the newly extended Ulam-Hyers conformable exponential stability for two classes of fractional differential equations with the conformable fractional derivative and the time delay. The Banach contraction principle, the technique of Picard operator, the Gronwall integral inequalities, and generalized iterated integral inequality in the sense of conformable fractional integral are the main tools for deriving our main results. Finally, several illustrative examples will be presented to demonstrate our work.

关键词： diagnosis   melanocytes   melanoma   mouth mucosa   nevus   pigmentation  

摘要： Background The aim was to analyze the frequency, clinical and demographic features of solitary and multiple/diffuse oral pigmented lesions submitted to histopathological examination, and to summarize the features that guide the clinical differential diagnosis. Methods Clinical and demographic data were retrieved from biopsy records and descriptive statistics were performed. Results Nine hundred and five (0.51%) oral pigmented lesions were retrieved among 177 356 specimens, being 95.9% solitary and 4.1% multiple/diffuse lesions. Regardless the overlapping clinical presentation, age, site, association with amalgam restoration, and a nodular appearance may help in the clinical differential diagnosis of solitary oral pigmentations. Patient's habits, site, and systemic signs and symptoms are helpful in the clinical differential diagnosis of multiple/diffuse lesions. Conclusions Oral pigmented lesions are a rare diagnosis in oral pathology and solitary lesions are more commonly submitted to biopsy. Some key features help in the differential diagnosis, though biopsy can be warranted in doubtful cases.